A state made of kingdoms

Rajputana: before 1947 there was no Rajasthan on the map. The British called the region the land of the Rajputs.
A patchwork: some two dozen princely states, each with its own ruler, coinage, courts and customs.
Ajmer: in the middle, governed directly by the British.
- Old name
- Rajputana
- Princely states
- Some two dozen
- Tod's Annals
- 1829 and 1832
- Rajasthan Day
- 30 March, from 1949
- Merger completed
- 1956
- Privy purses ended
- 1971
- The name: James Tod of the East India Company gave Rajasthan its wide currency in his Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan. He got a great deal wrong, but he loved the place, and the name stuck.
- Merged in stages: Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner and Jaisalmer joined in 1949, which is why 30 March is Rajasthan Day.
- Kings without thrones: the rulers lost their thrones, and in 1971 their privy purses.
- Palaces become hotels: many families turned their palaces into hotels and museums, which is why you can sleep in rooms built for a maharaja.
- Still in people's heads: a wedding follows the customs of its clan, and a village's dialect tells you which court it once paid taxes to.
- Sun, moon and fire: the great Rajput houses traced their lines to one of the three. They intermarried, feuded, allied with the Mughals or defied them.
- Six UNESCO forts: Chittorgarh, Kumbhalgarh, Ranthambore, Gagron, Amber and Jaisalmer, inscribed together in 2013 as the Hill Forts of Rajasthan.
- Read more: the Rajput dynasties and a short history of Rajasthan.
The regions, and what each one feels like
Dhundhar, Jaipur's country
The Kachwaha kingdom: of the eastern hills, ruled from Amer and then Jaipur.
- Its character: pink bazaars, gem-cutters, block-printers and the stepwell at Abhaneri, and where most journeys begin.
- Its western edge: the holy lake at Pushkar, the Sufi shrine at Ajmer and the painting town of Kishangarh.
Marwar, the Rathore heartland
- West of the Aravallis: the land flattens into scrub, and the Rathores built Jodhpur and Bikaner.
- Its character: blue houses below Mehrangarh, Bishnoi villages where blackbuck graze, country forts turned family hotels, and the best breakfast kachori in the state.
Maad, Jaisalmer and the Thar
- The Bhati kingdom of the deep desert: a golden fort people still live inside, merchant havelis carved like lace, and dunes at Sam and Khuri.
- Its character: Manganiyar singers and the clearest sky in India.
Mewar, the lakes and the Sisodias
The proudest house: the Sisodias ruled the green southern hills from Chittorgarh, then Udaipur.
- Its character: lake palaces, the great wall of Kumbhalgarh, Ranakpur's marble halls and the pilgrim town of Nathdwara.
- Who asks first: it is the region couples want most.
Hadoti, Bundi and Kota
Hada Chauhan country: the south-east, watered by the Chambal.
- Bundi: the most painted and least hurried of the old capitals, with stepwells in its lanes and murals in its palace.
- Our view: most travellers drive straight past it, and that is a mistake.
Shekhawati, the painted towns
- North of Jaipur: the Shekhawat clan's land became home to merchant families who made fortunes elsewhere and spent them on frescoed havelis at home.
- Open-air galleries: Mandawa, Nawalgarh and Fatehpur, best seen slowly over two or three nights.
Wild Rajasthan
- A theme, not a kingdom: Ranthambore's tigers, Jawai's leopards, Bharatpur's wetland birds, Tal Chhapar's blackbuck and the Desert National Park's bustards.
- Why they survive: most were once royal hunting reserves.
Beyond Rajasthan
- Just over the border: Agra, Delhi, Kutch, Orchha, Khajuraho and Varanasi pair naturally with Rajasthan.
- Close links: the Taj Mahal is a five-hour drive from Jaipur, and Kutch's salt desert continues the Thar into Gujarat.
One mountain range, one desert
The Aravallis: running diagonally from near Mount Abu in the south-west to near Delhi in the north-east.
Among the oldest ranges on earth: worn over hundreds of millions of years into low, rocky ridges.
They catch the monsoon: so Mewar and Hadoti to the south and east are green, with lakes, forests and rivers.
- Area
- About 342,000 sq km
- Mountain range
- The Aravallis
- Highest point
- Guru Shikhar, about 1,722 m
- Desert
- The Thar, over half the state
- They hold the forts: Amber, Kumbhalgarh and Chittorgarh all sit on Aravalli ridges.
- The Thar: the Great Indian Desert covers more than half of Rajasthan and runs on into Pakistan.
- Not an empty sea of sand: mostly scrub, rock and farmland that greens briefly after the rains, with khejri trees, villages and herds of goats and camels.
- Where the dunes are: in pockets, mainly around Jaisalmer and Bikaner.
- Desert people: Marwar and Maad built for heat, stored every drop in stepwells and tanks, and became north-west India's great traders and caravan merchants.
- Water is the thread: the stepwells of Abhaneri and Bundi, Udaipur's lakes and the tanks inside Jaisalmer Fort all held on to a short monsoon.
- Read more: the stepwells of Rajasthan explains how they worked.
How to choose where to go
Too large for one journey: trying to see it all is the most common mistake we see.
- The scale: a road trip from Bikaner in the north to Banswara in the south takes the better part of two days.
- Our rule: choose two or three regions, give each enough nights, and leave space between the long drives.
For a first journey
Jaipur, Jodhpur and Udaipur: Dhundhar, Marwar and Mewar, each with palace hotels among India's finest.
- Add-ons: Jaisalmer for the desert, or Ranthambore for tigers.
- The classic shape: our Jaipur, Jodhpur and Udaipur journey.
For couples
- Mewar first: a lake palace in Udaipur, a hilltop fort such as Deogarh, and a stepwell dinner in Narlai.
- Then the desert: a camp near Jaisalmer for a night under the stars. See Rajasthan honeymoons.
For families
- What children love: forts with real cannons, camel carts, puppet shows and tiger safaris.
- Short drives: Jaipur, Ranthambore and Udaipur, with a desert camp usually the highlight. See family journeys in Rajasthan.
For culture and craft
- Dhundhar and Shekhawati: block printing, blue pottery, gem-cutting and painted havelis.
- Marwar: Bishnoi villages, weavers and potters. The textile and craft trail links the best workshops.
For those who have been before
- Where the coaches don't go: Bundi, Chittorgarh, Dungarpur, Banswara, Nagaur and Marwar's country forts.
- Our own friends' route: see offbeat Rajasthan.
Sample routes through the kingdoms

- First journey
- Ten to fourteen nights
- One week
- Dhundhar and Mewar
- Ten days
- Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur
- Longest drive
- About six hours on the ten-day route
One week, Dhundhar and Mewar
- The shape: three nights in Jaipur, a night at Deogarh or Chittorgarh on the way south, and three in Udaipur.
- Why it works: the gentlest introduction, two great cities and a fort between. See one week in Rajasthan.
Ten days, the classic triangle of kingdoms
- The shape: Jaipur for three nights, Jodhpur for two, a night at Rohet or Narlai, then Udaipur for three, via Ranakpur.
- Why it works: Dhundhar, Marwar and Mewar seen properly. See Rajasthan in ten days.
Two weeks, with the desert
- The shape: add Jaisalmer and a night on the dunes between Jodhpur and Udaipur, or fly out of Jaisalmer at the end.
- Our version: the Royal Rajputana journey, from the pink city to the golden one.
The desert triangle
- The shape: Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and Bikaner, with country forts at Khimsar and Manvar.
- Who it suits: lovers of empty horizons, camels and music. See our desert triangle journey.
Palaces and wildlife
- The shape: Jaipur, Ranthambore for tigers, Bundi for murals and Udaipur for lakes, perhaps with Jawai for leopards.
- Who it suits: families and photographers. See Palaces and Tigers.
Seasons across the regions
October: warm afternoons, with Mewar's lakes full and its hills green after the monsoon.
Deep winter: near Jaisalmer and Bikaner, temperatures can drop close to freezing before dawn. Pack a warm layer for every early start.
- Travelling season
- October to March
- Most comfortable
- November and February
- Coldest nights
- December and January
- Hot months
- April to June
- Monsoon arrives
- Late June or July
- Summer: often past 40°C in the plains and higher in the Thar.
- Mount Abu: the only hill station, and always the summer refuge. Palace hotels are quiet and generous then.
- Monsoon: best in Mewar and Hadoti, when Udaipur's lakes fill and the Aravallis turn green. It is the season of Teej and almost empty palaces.
- Month by month: our best time to visit Rajasthan guide.
Festivals that shape the calendar
Makar Sankranti: kites fill the sky over Jaipur on 14 January.
Winter fairs: the Desert Festival in Jaisalmer and the Nagaur cattle fair fall in January or February.
- Through the year: Holi and Gangaur in spring, Teej in the monsoon, and Diwali in October or November.
- Pushkar: the Pushkar Camel Fair gathers around the Kartik full moon in October or November.
- Every festival: our festival calendar.
Getting between the kingdoms
Airports: Jaipur, Udaipur and Jodhpur are best connected. Jaisalmer and Bikaner have smaller airports with fewer, sometimes seasonal, flights.
With Ranakpur: Jodhpur to Udaipur takes most of a day.
- Jaipur to Jodhpur
- Five to six hours
- Jodhpur to Jaisalmer
- About five hours
- Jodhpur to Udaipur
- About five hours
- Delhi to Jaipur
- Four to five hours
- Jaipur to Agra
- About four hours
- Main airports
- Jaipur, Udaipur, Jodhpur
- Fast trains: day trains link Delhi with Jaipur, Ajmer and Udaipur.
- A private chauffeur: still the best way. Stop where you like, at a stepwell, a chai stall or a village fair, with the car cool and waiting.
- Long hops: a short flight or a helicopter charter can save a day.
- Luxury trains: the Palace on Wheels and the Maharajas' Express cover the regions in a week. See the luxury trains of Rajasthan.
- The details: getting around Rajasthan and road distances and drive times.
Sleeping in the old courts

Dhundhar and Mewar: the grand palace hotels, such as Rambagh Palace in Jaipur and the Taj Lake Palace on Lake Pichola.
Marwar's palace: Umaid Bhawan Palace, the twentieth-century palace where Jodhpur's royal family still lives in one wing.
- Marwar's country: forts and rawlas, the manor houses of the old nobility, where owners often eat with their guests.
- Maad: desert camps, from simple luxury tents to Suryagarh, a new fort built in the old style outside Jaisalmer.
- Matching the mood: a grand palace for the cities, a family fort for the countryside, a camp for the dunes.
- The difference explained: palace hotels and heritage havelis, and the full list under stays.
What we tell friends before they come
Don't try to see everything: three regions in ten days is plenty, and two is better.
Drive after lunch: leave every drive over four hours for the afternoon, so the best light is spent at a fort, not in the car.
- Learn the greeting: khamma ghani across Marwar and Mewar, and ram ram sa in villages everywhere.
- Carry a scarf: dress modestly for temples, dargahs and villages. See etiquette and dress.
- No elephant rides: we don't book them or animal shows. Meet Rajasthan's animals in Bishnoi villages or on safari instead.
- Eat the regional dish: laal maas in Jaipur and Jodhpur, ker sangri in the desert and maize dishes in Mewar. See our Rajasthani food guide.




















































